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大家好！今天咱們來聊聊Python編程中的那些“武林秘籍”——設(shè)計(jì)模式。它們就像編程界的暗號(hào)，讓你的代碼更加優(yōu)雅、高效。讓我們一起揭開這些模式的神秘面紗，看看它們在實(shí)際項(xiàng)目中的神奇作用吧！
想象一下，你有個(gè)大冰箱，每次需要冰淇淋時(shí)，你都不用直接打開冷凍室，而是通過一個(gè)工廠方法來決定要哪種口味。
def create_creamy_icecream(): return CreamyIceCream()def create_fruit_icecream(): return FruitIceCream()class IceCreamFactory: @staticmethod def get_icecream(kind): if kind == 'creamy': return create_creamy_icecream() elif kind == 'fruit': return create_fruit_icecream()好比給房間添加裝飾，改變外觀但不改變核心功能。比如，給打印語句加上顏色：
def color_decorator(func): def wrapper(color): print(f"{color} {func(color)}") return wrapper@color_decoratordef say_hello(name): print(f"Hello, {name}")say_hello("Python") # 輸出: Red Hello, Python確保一個(gè)類只有一個(gè)實(shí)例，并提供全局訪問點(diǎn)。就像一個(gè)班級(jí)只有一個(gè)班長：
class Singleton: _instance = None def __new__(cls): if not cls._instance: cls._instance = super().__new__(cls) return cls._instanceclass MyClass(Singleton): passobj1 = MyClass()obj2 = MyClass() # obj1和obj2指向同一個(gè)實(shí)例當(dāng)數(shù)據(jù)變化時(shí)，所有依賴它的對象都會(huì)得到通知。就像天氣預(yù)報(bào)，一旦有新的天氣數(shù)據(jù)，所有訂閱者都會(huì)收到更新：
class Subject: def attach(self, observer): self.observers.append(observer) def detach(self, observer): self.observers.remove(observer) def notify(self): for observer in self.observers: observer.update()class Observer: def update(self, data): print(f"New data: {data}")subject = Subject()observer1 = Observer()subject.attach(observer1)subject.notify() # 輸出: New data: ...在不同情況下使用不同的算法，而無需修改使用算法的代碼。就像烹飪，根據(jù)食材選擇不同的烹飪方式：
class CookingStrategy: def cook(self, ingredient): passclass BoilingStrategy(CookingStrategy): def cook(self, ingredient): print(f"Heating {ingredient} to boil...")class GrillingStrategy(CookingStrategy): def cook(self, ingredient): print(f"Grilling {ingredient}...")class Kitchen: def __init__(self, strategy): self.strategy = strategy def cook(self, ingredient): self.strategy.cook(ingredient)kitchen = Kitchen(BoilingStrategy())kitchen.cook("water") # 輸出: Heating water to boil...讓不兼容的對象協(xié)同工作，就像老式電視和現(xiàn)代播放器之間的連接器：
class OldTV: def play(self, channel): print(f"Watching channel {channel}")class RemoteAdapter: def __init__(self, tv): self.tv = tv def press_button(self, command): getattr(self.tv, command)()remote = RemoteAdapter(OldTV())remote.press_button("play") # 輸出: Watching channel ...為對象提供一個(gè)替身，對原對象進(jìn)行控制或包裝。想象一個(gè)網(wǎng)站緩存：
class RemoteImage: def __init__(self, url): self.url = url def display(self): print(f"Displaying image from {self.url}")class LocalImageProxy(RemoteImage): def display(self): print("Loading image from cache...") super().display()遍歷集合而不需要暴露其內(nèi)部結(jié)構(gòu)。就像翻閱書頁：
class Book: def __iter__(self): self.page = 1 return self def __next__(self): if self.page > 10: raise StopIteration result = f"Page {self.page}" self.page += 1 return resultbook = Book()for page in book: print(page) # 輸出: Page 1, Page 2, ..., Page 10將請求封裝為對象，使你能夠推遲或更改請求的執(zhí)行。就像點(diǎn)餐系統(tǒng)：
class Command: def execute(self): passclass Order(Command): def execute(self, item): print(f"Preparing {item}...")class Kitchen: def execute_order(self, cmd): cmd.execute()order = Order()kitchen = Kitchen()kitchen.execute_order(order) # 輸出: Preparing ...通過共享對象來節(jié)約內(nèi)存，減少重復(fù)。像打印海報(bào)，每個(gè)字母可以共享：
class Letter: def __init__(self, text): self.text = textclass FlyweightLetter(Letter): _instances = {} def __new__(cls, text): if text not in cls._instances: cls._instances[text] = super().__new__(cls, text) return cls._instances[text]poster = "Python"print([l.text for l in poster]) # 輸出: ['P', 'y', 't', 'h', 'o', 'n']以上就是10個(gè)經(jīng)典的Python設(shè)計(jì)模式，掌握了它們，你的代碼將會(huì)更有組織，更易于理解和維護(hù)。記住，編程不只是寫代碼，更是藝術(shù)創(chuàng)作！現(xiàn)在就去把這些模式運(yùn)用到你的項(xiàng)目中，讓它們大放異彩吧！
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